J trauma acute care surg 2012 bone, segment, type and group. Transverse fractures are breaks straight across the bone, usually the result of sharp, direct blows or stress fractures caused by prolonged running. Especially applicable to the long bones and the pelvis. Also called closed fractures, they occur when your bone suffers breakage but does not pierce through the epidermis. Anatomic description type type is the overall fracture pattern examples are. The biology of fracture healing is a complex biological process that follows specific regenerative patterns and involves changes in the expression of several thousand genes. Kellam and others published fracture classification find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. There are many types of fractures, or broken bones.
An oblique fracture occurs at a diagonal to the bones long axis. Fractures can be split into complete and incomplete fractures depending on whether the fracture extends all the way through the bone complete or only involves a portion of the cortex. Greenstick fractures are breaks in bones along only one side of the bone caused by a force perpendicular to the bones long axis. The broken ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place. An oblique fracture is characterized by a break that is curved or at. Fractures of the pelvis, which often cannot be controlled quickly by any other method. Comminuted fractures are severe fractures that involve the breaking of a bone into several smaller pieces. External fixation permits adjustment of length and angulation some allow reduction of the fracture in all 3 planes. Some of the most common bone fracture types include. An oblique fracture is when the break is on an angle through the bone. The may 5, 2004, issue of jama includes an article about external fixation see below to treat bone fractures. Below is a listing of the common types that may occur.
Generally the recovery time for a broken bone is 4 to 6 weeks, depending on the circumstances of the injury. Fracture types summary radiology reference article. Therefore, anytime you suspect that a fracture may be present, treat the injury as though you knew the fracture existed. Displaced and nondisplaced fractures refer to the alignment of the fractured bone. A comminuted fracture is when the bone breaks into several pieces.
Common sites for bone fractures include the wrist, ankle and hip. Avulsion fracture a muscle or ligament pulls on the bone, fracturing it. Well discuss open, closed, comminuted, complete, incomplete, and many other types of fractures and. S117 ao pediatric comprehensive classification of long bone fractures pccf. Here we discuss some of the most important fracture types. A transverse fracture is when the fracture line is perpendicular to the shaft long part of the bone. The skin may be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture.
Fracture repair is a tissue regeneration process rather than a healing process the injured bone is replaced by bone. If the bone breaks in such a way that bone fragments stick out through the skin, or a wound penetrates down to the broken bone, the fracture is called an open fracture. Types and classification of fractures linkedin slideshare. Monteggia fracturedislocations bado classification of fractures of the proximal ulna. There are different types of fractures and symptoms include pain, swelling, and discoloration of the skin around the injured area. If bone fragments stay together maintaining structural alignment of the bone, it is called an undisplaced fracture. Incomplete entire cross section of the bone fractures vs. Overuse and repetitive motion can cause a stress fracture. Bone fractures caused by disease are referred to as pathological fractures. A fracture is when the continuity of a bone is broken. I with anterior radial dislocation ii with posterior radial dislocation iii with lateral radial dislocation iv with anterior radial dislocation and fracture greenspan 1992 574p.
Medical professionals generally classify clavicle fractures into three groups. Types of bone fracture and their mechanisms several types of bone fractures have been extensively described in the literature. In this lesson, youll learn about the many different kinds of bone fractures that may occur. If a fractured ankle is not properly treated, it can lead to significant, longterm complications and debility. Get an overview of the classic fractures and learn more about the definition, epidemiology, classification and types of bone fracture. Types of fractures based on displacement of fragments. This type of fracture is particularly serious because once the skin is broken, infection in both the wound and the bone can occur. Within the dichotomy of simple and compound fractures are many specific types of fractures. There are many types of fractures, but the main categories are displaced, nondisplaced, open, and closed.
In addition to whether the bone is displaced or nondisplaced it will be given a fracture pattern name. Types of fractures the orthopedic institute at southwest. They are composed of an organic component of type1 collagen with calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl ions deposited in hydroxyapatite. While bone fractures in most instances are caused as result of traumas or specific bone diseases, macrofractures could also occur as a result of. These fracture subtypes can present in children and adults. A hairline fracture is an example of an undisplaced fracture. There are many different types of fracture from greenstick, hairline, and compression to oblique, impacted, and longitudinal. Nondisplaced when nondisplaced fractures occur, the bone breaks but the pieces do not move out of place, leaving the bone more or less in.
Types of bone fractures imaging and management lecturio. Section 2 presents general details on human skeletal system while section 3 provides a discussion on leg bone structure. Compression crush fracture generally occurs in the spongy bone in the spine. Describe four of the different types of bone fractures. Aoota classification pdf ao surgery reference ao foundation. A comminuted fracture is one in which the bone is crushed or splintered into many pieces. Broken ankles are painful and temporarily disabling.
While there are many types of bone fractures, there are four generalized categories that all fractures will fit into. Even where fractures occur within a bone affects the treatment, prognosis intro patterns orientation displaced angulated bone ends immature sh plastic torus occult stress. New classification system for longbone fractures supplementing. Another type of fracture called a stress fracture of the hip may be harder to diagnose. The soft tissue surrounding the break may also be injured. A nondisplaced fracture may be difficult to identify without an xray. Some are more severe than others, depending on the strength and direction of the force, the particular bone involved, and the persons age and general health. A broken ankle is a fracture or multiple fractures of one or more of three bones in the ankle joint. Most bone fractures are the result of injuries from falls or vehicle crashes, but fractures can also be caused by certain diseases. Comminuted fracture the bone is shattered into many pieces. A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis. A hard outer layer that is dense, strong, and durable.
The proposed classification system was also clinically validated with a targeted pilot study designed for content and. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Smith fractures reverse colles fractures type 1 type 2 type 3 fractures of the forearm fractures of the distal radius with volar displacement and angulation of the distal fragment greenspan 1992 618p. Anatomic description of fractures type comminution location displacement 3. Language of fractures page 1 of intro patterns orientation displaced angulated bone ends immature sh plastic torus occult stress dont miss. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several pieces. Depending on the displacement of fragments, the fracture can be displaced or undisplaced. The basic types of pediatric fractures, differences from adults and care as a primary care physician introduction the anatomy and biomechanics of pediatric bone differ from that of adult bone, leading to unique pediatric fracture patterns, healing mechanisms, and management.
Fracture classification orthopaedic trauma association. A brief study on human bone anatomy and bone fractures. Although there is still much to be learned to fully comprehend the pathways of bone regeneration, the overall pathways of both the anatomical and biochemical events have. A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the bone is bent. The repair of bone fractures is a postnatal regenerative process that recapitulates many of the ontological events of embryonic skeletal development. Common bone fractures include the wrist, ankle and hip.
Fractures are common over 1 million every year in the us and can be caused by sports injuries, car accidents, falls, or osteoporosis bone weakening due to aging. Although fracture repair usually restores the damaged skeletal organ to its preinjury cellular composition, structure and biomechanical function, about 10% of fractures will not heal normally. Group i fractures occur in the middle third of the bone, where it is flat and thin. The following quiz will help you to have a better understanding of the different types, causes and. A fracture, or a broken bone, is a common consequence of falls and motor vehicle accidents. Broken bones take around four to eight weeks to heal, depending on the age and health of the person and the type. Transverse fractures require an orthopedic trauma surgeon. The fractures discussed in this paper are also restricted to long bones.
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